Most styles of programming or programming language themes can be broadly categorized into three types based on their design, structures, principles, rules, and practices:.
All in all, there are more than these three types of programming paradigms, but in this article, we will be learning about the three most common and most popular ones, listed above.
Object-Oriented Programming OOP is the most popular programming paradigm out there, and usually is the first one beginners are introduced to. OOP systems allow developers to break down their software into reusable blueprint-like components that dictate a common structure that code entities can adhere to and identify themselves with.
This is set in place using classes and objects. In object-oriented programming languages, an object refers to an instance or a real entity that follows a blueprint class. The object is an instance of this blueprint and is used for encapsulating the data and methods that are defined in a class.
For example, for a Car as a class, its objects would be actual cars, which will have their own attributes eg. The class provides a common set of functions for its objects to use, and a bunch of common attributes placeholders , which then each object can fill to identify itself. Classes : Using a strict definition of classes, we can say classes are user-defined data types.
By user-defined data types, we refer to data types that can be altered and defined according to the needs of the user. Classes are blueprints from which objects can be instantiated.
Below is an example of what a class looks like in Javascript :. Objects : As we discussed earlier, objects are the real-world entities or instances of their respective classes.
Given below is an example object of the Dog class above. Polymorphism : In common words, polymorphism refers to the ability of multiple objects sharing the same name, but having different structures or serving different functionalities in different contexts. Polymorphism can be easily observed in function overloading and function overriding. Inheritance : Inheritance is one of the important concepts in OOPs that allows child classes to establish a sense of hierarchy by inheriting the attributes and methods of another parent class.
This reduces redundancy as classes can share common logic, structure, and attributes while enforcing a clear hierarchy. Encapsulation : This refers to the wrapping up of the contents of an entity into one unit. In OOPs terms, this refers to the tying up, and wrapping of class or object attributes state with their methods behavior.
Thanks to encapsulation, objects can have their own private state which can not be accessed by other objects, unless their methods or attributes are declared public. This aspect of OOP allows for more secure software implementations. Abstraction : Abstraction in OOPs terms refers to the ability of classes to expose certain data attributes while keeping others private.
This is usually done to hide the implementation details from the outside world, either to make things less complex, or more secure. This is done with the help of various access specifiers that specify the visibility of each class attribute. Some of the common OOP languages include:. Now let us move from the paradigm of classes and objects to the paradigm of procedures.
In procedural programming, we work with procedures, also known as routines, subroutines, or functions. A procedure is essentially a sequence of instructions or computational steps to be executed. Therefore, procedural programming is all about the idea of getting things done in a sequence of steps.
This involves thinking about the functioning of your code as a step-by-step course of action that needs to be executed. You just think about the different operations that need to happen in succession and code them down. Unlike OOP, where data and methods were tied together encapsulated in a class or object, procedural programming uses data and methods as two different entities.
As a result, there is no concept of access specifiers here, making this paradigm less secure than OOP. Here is a basic example of the concept of procedural programming in action:. You can see how the objective of the program here is to execute a series of sequential steps that I have tried to simulate through print commands here. So you can say that the factory was encapsulated.
Inheritance : It is the process to create new classes or subclasses from an existing class. The existing class is called the parent class, and the derived class is called sub-class or inherited class.
The inherited class have the behaviour of parent class, and in addition, can have its own characteristics. For Example, if we have Animal as a Parent class, then we can create Cat, Dog classes inherited from the Parent class because Dog and Cat have one thing in common: they both are animals and will have properties of animals, which means properties defined in Animal class Parent class.
Polymorphism : It means taking many forms. Polymorphism occurs due to inheritance. Polymorphism often saves you from the unnecessary creation of new functions with similar functionality but a different number of arguments or inputs. In OOP, code resembles the real-world examples, data is stored in variables and logic in methods or functions.
The object-oriented programming is criticised for multiple reasons, the main reason is that Object-oriented programming over emphasises on data of software development neglecting the procedure and structure of software to be developed. Also, Object-oriented programming code is more difficult to compile and modify in future. Procedural programming is also a programming paradigm based on the concept of the procedure call.
It is derived from structured programming. Procedures are simply a series of steps to be followed. The computer processors provide hardware support to procedural programming through a stack register and also provide instructions for calling procedures and returning from the stack. Procedural programming languages are also imperative languages to make explicit references to the state of the execution environment. The major difference between these is procedural programming depends on blocks and scope whereas imperative programming may have or not have these features.
The objective of procedural programming is to break down a program into a collection of variables, data structures whereas the main aim of object-oriented programming is to break down a programming task into objects.
In simple words, procedural programming uses procedures to operate on data structures, while object-oriented uses objects for the purpose. Based on Characteristics : Procedural programming has Local variables, sequence, selection, iteration, and modularisation.
Object-oriented programming has Objects, methods, message passing, information hiding, data abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, inheritance, serialisation-marshalling. Accessing modes : In Object-oriented programming, there are three accessing modes — Public, Private, and Protected.
There are no such access modes in Procedural programming. Execution : In Object-oriented programming, various functions can execute simultaneously. In procedural programming, there is a systematic approach in which functions get executed step-by-step.
Data Control : In Object-oriented programming, data and functions are accessible within the same class while in procedural programming, data can move freely. Security : Object-oriented programming is more secure than procedural programming, because of the level of abstraction or we can say data hiding property. It limits the access of data to the member functions of the same class. While there is no such data hiding in the procedural programming paradigm.
Process : Object-Oriented programming follows the bottom-up approach while Procedural programming follows the top-down approach while designing a program. Easy Normal Medium Hard Expert. Writing code in comment? Please use ide. Load Comments. What's New. Most popular in Difference Between. Most visited in GBlog. We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website.
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