When a transfusion is given, it is preferable for patients to receive blood and plasma of the same ABO and RhD group. However if the required blood type is unavailable, a patient may be given a product of an alternative but compatible group as shown below. Blood Compatibility. Patient Type. Compatible Red Cell Types.
O RhD negative red cells are issued in emergency situations where life saving transfusion is required prior to completion of a crossmatch. Click here for further information on emergency blood release. Group O is often referred to as the universal red cell donor. Group AB individuals have neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in their plasma.
Group AB plasma can therefore be given to patients of any ABO blood group and is often referred to as the universal plasma donor. Most ABO incompatible transfusions occur as a result of improper patient identification at the time of collection of the pre-transfusion sample or administration of the blood product.
The pre-transfusion check is carried out at the bedside by 2 members of clinical staff to ensure the right blood is transfused to the right patient. Positive patient identification prior to blood sample collection and labelling the specimen tube at the bedside is critical for accurate sample collection.
There are many other antigen systems expressed on red cells, white cells and platelets. Transfusion can cause antibodies to develop in the recipient.
Some of these antibodies can cause transfusion reactions or damage the foetus. If your blood has the B antigen but not the Rh antigen, your blood type is B-negative B—. Rh blood type is even more important for pregnant women. A problem can occur when a woman who has Rh-negative blood becomes pregnant with a baby fetus that has Rh-positive blood.
This is called Rh incompatibility. If the blood of an Rh-positive baby mixes with the blood of an Rh-negative mother during pregnancy or delivery, the mother's immune system makes antibodies. This antibody response is called Rh sensitization and, depending on when it occurs, can destroy the baby's red blood cells. Rh sensitization does not generally affect the health of the baby during the pregnancy in which the sensitization occurs.
But the health of a baby with Rh-positive blood during a future pregnancy is more likely to be affected. After sensitization has occurred, the baby can develop mild to severe problems called Rh disease or erythroblastosis fetalis. In rare cases, if Rh disease is not treated, the baby may die. An Rh test is done in early pregnancy to check a woman's blood type.
If she is Rh-negative, she can get a shot of Rh immunoglobulin that almost always prevents sensitization from occurring. Problems from Rh sensitization have become very rare since Rh immunoglobulin was developed. When a blood sample is taken, you may feel nothing at all from the needle. Or you might feel a quick sting or pinch. There is very little chance of having a problem from this test. When a blood sample is taken, a small bruise may form at the site.
The following table shows the compatibility of blood types between blood donors and recipients. Read the table as follows: A person who has A-negative blood can receive A-negative or O-negative blood. Minor antigens other than A, B, and Rh on the red blood cells are also checked for a match before a blood transfusion.
Current as of: September 23, Gabica MD - Family Medicine. Author: Healthwise Staff. Medical Review: E. This information does not replace the advice of a doctor.
Healthwise, Incorporated, disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. If this is present, your blood group is RhD positive.
If it's absent, your blood group is RhD negative. In most cases, O RhD negative blood O- can safely be given to anyone. It's often used in medical emergencies when the blood type is not immediately known. It's safe for most recipients because it does not have any A, B or RhD antigens on the surface of the cells, and is compatible with every other ABO and RhD blood group.
To work out your blood group, your red cells are mixed with different antibody solutions. If, for example, the solution contains anti-B antibodies and you have B antigens on your cells you're blood group B , it will clump together. If the blood does not react to any of the anti-A or anti-B antibodies, it's blood group O. A series of tests with different types of antibody can be used to identify your blood group. If you have a blood transfusion — where blood is taken from one person and given to another — your blood will be tested against a sample of donor cells that contain ABO and RhD antigens.
Pregnant women are always given a blood group test. This is because if the mother is RhD negative but the child has inherited RhD-positive blood from the father, it could cause complications if left untreated.
RhD-negative women of child-bearing age should always only receive RhD-negative blood. Most people are able to give blood, but only 1 in 25 people actually do.
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