Which of the following techniques did Freud use to discover the? What are the major schools of personality? What are the two major components of personality?
What are the two components that make up personality? Previous Article What are the factor affecting your growth and development? Personality is broadly described as the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique.
In plain English, it is what makes you you. Researchers have found while some external factors can influence how certain traits are expressed, personality originates within the individual. Because personality plays such an important role in human behavior, an entire branch of psychology is devoted to the study of this fascinating topic.
Personality psychologists are interested in the unique characteristics of individuals, as well as similarities among groups of people. In order to understand the psychology of personality, it is important to learn some of the key characteristics of how personality works. Now that you know a bit more about the basics of personality, it's time to take a closer look at how scientists actually study human personality.
There are different techniques that are used in the study of personality. Each technique has its own strengths and weaknesses. Classical conditioning is a behavioral training technique that begins with a naturally occurring stimulus eliciting an automatic response. Then, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus.
The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. Operant conditioning is a behavior training technique in which reinforcements or punishments are used to influence behavior. An association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious mind continues to influence our behavior and experiences, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences. The id operates based on the pleasure principle , which demands immediate gratification of needs. According to Freud, the ego is the largely unconscious part of the personality that mediates the demands of the id, the superego, and reality.
The ego prevents us from acting on our basic urges created by the id but also works to achieve a balance with our moral and idealistic standards created by the superego. The superego is the component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and from society. The superego works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to make the ego behave morally, rather than realistically. Personality psychology is the focus of some of the best-known psychology theories by a number of famous thinkers including Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson.
Some of these theories attempt to tackle a specific area of personality while others attempt to explain personality much more broadly. Biological approaches suggest that genetics are responsible for personality. In the classic nature versus nurture debate , the biological theories of personality side with nature. Research on heritability suggests that there is a link between genetics and personality traits.
For example, researchers might look at differences and similarities in the personalities of twins reared together versus those who are raised apart. One of the best known biological theorists was Hans Eysenck , who linked aspects of personality to biological processes.
Eysenck argued that personality is influenced by the stress hormone cortisol. According to his theory, introverts have high cortical arousal and avoid stimulation, while extroverts had low cortical arousal and crave stimulation.
Behavioral theorists include B. Skinner and John B. Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment. According to behavioral theorists, conditioning predictable behavioral responses occurs through interactions with our environment which ultimately shapes our personalities. Psychodynamic theories of personality are heavily influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud and emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences on personality.
Freud believed the three components of personality were the id, ego, and superego. The id is responsible for needs and urges, while the superego regulates ideals and morals. The ego, in turn, moderates the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Freud suggested that children progress through a series of stages in which the id's energy is focused on different erogenous zones.
Erikson also believed that personality progressed through a series of stages, with certain conflicts arising at each stage. Success in any stage depends on successfully overcoming these conflicts. Humanist theories emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in the development of personality.
Humanist theorists promote the concept of self-actualization , which is the innate need for personal growth and the ways that personal growth motivates behavior. The trait theory approach is one of the most prominent areas in personality psychology. According to these theories, personality is made up of a number of broad traits. A trait is a relatively stable characteristic that causes an individual to behave in certain ways.
It is essentially the psychological "blueprint" that informs behavioral patterns. Some of the best-known trait theories include Eysenck's three-dimension theory and the five-factor theory of personality. Eysenck utilized personality questionnaires to collect data from participants and then employed a statistical technique known as factor analysis to analyze the results.
Eysenck concluded that there were three major dimensions of personality: extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. The study of personality is one of the major topics of interest in psychology.
Numerous personality theories exist and most of the major ones fall into one of four major perspectives. Each of these perspectives on personality attempts to describe different patterns in personality, including how these patterns form and how people differ on an individual level. Learn more about the four major perspectives of personality, the theorist associated with each theory, and the core ideas that are central to each perspective.
The psychoanalytic perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. This perspective on personality was created by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the unconscious could be revealed in a number of different ways, including through dreams, free association, and slips of the tongue.
Neo-Freudian theorists , including Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney, believed in the importance of the unconscious but disagreed with other aspects of Freud's theories. Below are the most prominent psychoanalytic perspective theorists:. The humanistic perspective of personality focuses on psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness. It takes a more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential.
The following are the most influential humanistic perspective theorists:. The trait perspective of personality is centered on identifying, describing, and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality.
By understanding these traits, researchers believe they can better comprehend the differences between individuals. Below are the most important trait perspective theorists:. The social cognitive perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of observational learning , self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes.
The main proponent of the social cognitive perspective is:. Ever wonder what your personality type means? Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter. Mcwilliams N. Guilford; Barenbaum N, Winter D. In: Freedheim D, ed. Handbook of Psychology: History of Psychology. An existential-humanistic view of personality change: co-occurring changes with psychological well-being in a 10 Year cohort study.
Soc Indic Res. Rogers CR. The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.
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